📐 Converters & References

Cephalometric Landmark Reference

Complete reference guide for cephalometric landmarks and measurements. Definitions for all key skeletal and dental landmarks with normal value ranges for SNA, SNB, ANB, and 20+ cephalometric analyses.

20+ Landmarks Normal Values SNA / SNB / ANB Steiner Analysis Wits Appraisal
Cephalometric Landmark Reference
Click a landmark for full definition · Search measurements below
Key Cephalometric Landmarks
Cephalometric Measurements & Normal Values
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Measurement Description Normal Value Class II / III

Understanding cephalometric analysis

A cephalometric analysis translates the complex three-dimensional relationships of the skull, jaws, and teeth into a series of angular and linear measurements that can be compared to population norms. The most commonly used analysis is Steiner's analysis, which uses SNA, SNB, and ANB as its primary skeletal indicators.

SNA tells you where the maxilla sits relative to the cranial base. SNB tells you where the mandible sits. ANB - the difference between them - tells you the relative jaw position: positive values indicate maxilla forward (Class II tendency), negative values indicate mandible forward (Class III tendency). A normal ANB is 2° ±2°.

No single measurement makes a diagnosis. A patient with ANB of 5° could be Class II because of a prominent maxilla, a deficient mandible, or both. The skeletal measurements must be interpreted alongside dental measurements (overjet, overbite, interincisal angle) and soft tissue analysis to plan treatment correctly.

For orthodontic cost planning after analysis, see the Braces and Invisalign Cost Estimator. For checking orthodontic readiness in children, use the Orthodontic Readiness Checker. X-ray settings for cephalometric radiographs are in the X-Ray Exposure Reference Chart.

Frequently Asked Questions

Normal ANB is 2° (±2°), giving a range of 0°-4°. ANB represents the sagittal relationship between maxilla (A point) and mandible (B point) relative to the cranial base (N). ANB greater than 4° indicates a Class II skeletal pattern. ANB less than 0° indicates a Class III pattern. ANB is one of the most commonly used measurements in orthodontic treatment planning and is part of every standard cephalometric analysis.
The Wits appraisal is a linear measurement of the skeletal jaw relationship that doesn't rely on Nasion as a reference point. It measures the distance between perpendiculars dropped from A point and B point to the functional occlusal plane. Normal values are 0mm for females and -1mm for males. It's used as a supplemental measurement when the cranial base is atypical (rotated, unusually long or short) which can make ANB misleading. Many clinicians use Wits alongside ANB to confirm the skeletal classification.

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